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American economist and Johns Hopkins University professor Steve Hanke has expressed skepticism about Pakistan’s latest agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), arguing that the country’s repeated reliance on IMF programs has not brought about meaningful success.

In a tweet on Sunday, Hanke criticized Pakistan’s economic trajectory, stating that the country has participated in 23 IMF programs in the past, all of which he described as “utter failures.” He questioned the logic of pursuing yet another bailout, quoting Albert Einstein’s famous adage, “Stupidity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.”

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Hanke’s remarks came after the IMF reached a staff-level agreement with Pakistan for a new $1.3 billion loan under its climate resilience program, along with securing a $1 billion tranche contingent on the successful completion of its First Review. The deal, part of an ongoing financial arrangement, is designed to support Pakistan’s economic stability while addressing climate-related challenges.

A vocal critic of IMF interventions, Hanke has often highlighted what he perceives as flawed economic policies in struggling economies like Pakistan’s.